منابع مشابه
Emergence and Downward Causation
ion inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of social relations’ [Marx 1972: 109]). If one were to represent these two views of emergence as ideal types, one could say the former, complex systems approach stresses the ordinary workings of nature as resulting in surprising behaviour of complex systems; the distinction between levels is characterized as a distinction...
متن کاملPhysicalism, Emergence and Downward Causation
The next version to excite attention took off from the idea that, while mental terms cannot be translated into physical terms (as Carnap’s program had required) nevertheless, it does not follow that these terms refer to non-physical states. So, it was proposed, mental phenomena can be identical with states and processes in the brain, even though psychological descriptions have meanings differen...
متن کاملDownward causation in fluid convection
Recent developments in nonlinear dynamics have found wide application in many areas of science from physics to neuroscience. Nonlinear phenomena such as feedback loops, inter-level relations, wholes constraining and modifying the behavior of their parts, and memory effects are interesting candidates for emergence and downward causation. Rayleigh-Bénard convection is an example of a nonlinear sy...
متن کامل1 Downward Causation without Foundations
Emergence is interpreted in a non-dualist framework of thought. No metaphysical distinction between the higher and basic levels of organization is supposed, but only a duality of modes of access. Moreover, these modes of access are not construed as mere ways of revealing intrinsic patterns of organization: They are supposed to be constitutive of them, in Kant’s sense. The emergent levels of org...
متن کاملEmergentism, Irreducibility, and Downward Causation
Several theories of emergence will be distinguished. In particular, these are synchronic, diachronic, and weak versions of emergence. While the weaker theories are compatible with property reductionism, synchronic emergentism and strong versions of diachronic emergentism are not. Synchronic emergentism is of particular interest for the discussion of downward causation. For such a theory, a syst...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Annual Review of Neuroscience
سال: 1984
ISSN: 0147-006X
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.7.1.1